The Development of the US Paper Money
During 17th and 18th centuries, the American
people used English, Spanish and French paper money. In the years to come, the
development of the US
paper money was affected very much by the political and financial circumstances
as well as the government’s reserve of gold and silver.
In the early 1690s, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was the first out
of the thirteen colonies (which gathered to become the United Statues) to
issue a US paper money, followed by the different colonies to issue each its
own banknote. This money was not redeemed in gold or silver and thus was
depreciated.
In 1775, during the American Revolutionary War, and to finance the
war, the Continental Congress issued the Continental Currency. This paper money
expressed the new nation’s sovereignty and instead of pictures of the crown or the king of England,
they featured different motifs of the colonies. However, because of the
inflation and as they were easily counterfeited, they became valueless and
gained the phrase: "not worth a Continental".
In 1777, after the declaration of independence
was signed, the first notes with the words “The United States” were issues
signed by some of the famous revolutionary figures.
In 1791 and with the adoption of the United States new constitution, the Congress
chartered in Philadelphia
the Bank of North America - the first nation's bank and of which was
authorized to issue banknotes. The Congress also determined that the
official monetary system would be based on the dollar, only to begin with a few
years later. In 1816, the congress chartered the Second Bank of the United States
which existed for twenty years until 1836. These banks were privately owned and
were authorized to issue paper bank notes and serve as the fiscal agent of the
government. In 1832 Andrew Jackson vetoed the re charter of the Second
Bank.
This followed by an era of which the American
banking was comprised of state-chartered banks without federal regulation or
uniformity in the operating laws. By 1860, an estimated 8,000 different
state banks were circulating "wildcat" or "broken" bank
notes in denominations from half cent to twenty thousands dollars.
Only on 1861 and again to finance the war (the
Civil War), the Confederate Congress met in Montgomery, Alabama
and authorized the government to issue paper currency (in the form of
interest-bearing notes). Such notes were originally printed by the National
Bank Note Co and were called Demand Notes or “Greenbacks” because of their
green color. In 1862, the Congress
discontinued issuing Demand Notes and issued Legal Tender Notes, also known as
the United States Notes. They were the first national currency used as a legal
tender for most public and private debts.
Effects of the war such as shortage of gold and
silver (and as a results shortage of coins) and existence of substitutes for
paper money, waned the demand for the United States Notes during the war but it
was resumed when the war finished.
Following the war, the Congress passed the National Banking
Act in 1863 which established
a national banking system and a uniform national
currency to be issued by the new national banks. In later years, the
government also, in a move to increase its reserve of precious metals, offered
certificates in exchange for deposits of silver and gold.
By 1865 approximately one-third of all circulating currencies were
counterfeit, and the Department of the Treasury established the United States
Secret Service in an effort to control the counterfeiting.
By 1866 the National Bank Notes, backed by U.S. government
securities, became predominant. By this time, 75 percent of all bank deposits were
held by the nationally chartered banks. Notes were printed by private bank note
companies under contract to the Federal government until 1877 when the
Department of the Treasury's
bureau of Engraving and Printing started printing all the U.S. currency.
As
a result of the 1893 and 1907 financial crisis, the congress passed the Federal
Reserve Act of 1913 which created the Federal Reserve
System as the nation's central bank to regulate the flow of money and credit
for economic stability and growth. This Federal Reserve System was authorized
to issue Federal Reserve Notes, now the only U.S. currency produced and 99
percent of all the currency in circulation. The design and signs of the Federal
Reserve Notes has changed over the years.
For example, in 1929, the size of the notes was reduced; in 1955, the
inscription "In God We Trust" was added.
In 1990 a
new series of notes were introduced to improve the security and prevent
counterfeiters using a security thread and micro printing.
US Paper Money:
